Lignin is a complex macromolecule (aromatic, heterogeneous, amorphous and cross-linked) and it is the most abundant natural aromatic polymer. In nature, lignin acts as the glue which binds cellulose and hemicellulose together, giving stiffness to the plant, making the cell wall hydrophobic and protecting it against microbial degradation.

Cellulose nanocrystals are unique nanomaterials derived from the most abundant and almost inexhaustible natural polymer, cellulose. These nanomaterials have received significant interest due to their mechanical, optical, chemical, and rheological properties. Cellulose nanocrystals primarily obtained from naturally occurring cellulose fibers are biodegradable and renewable in nature and hence they serve as a sustainable and environmentally friendly material for most applications.